Wednesday, May 18, 2016

Poland


Poland Population: 38,500,696
BackgroundPoland is an ancient nation that was conceived nr the middle of the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th century. During the following century, the strengthening of the try and internal disorders wkened the nation. In a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland amongst themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force and by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency. A "shock therapy" program during the rly 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, but Poland still faces the lingering challenges of high unemployment, underdeveloped and dilapidated infrastructure, and a poor rural underclass. Solidarity suffered a major deft in the 2001 parliamentary elections when it failed to elect a single deputy to the lower house of Parliament, and the new lders of the Solidarity Trade Union subsequently pledged to reduce the Trade Union's political role. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the Europn Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed, Poland is an incrsingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.Map data ©2009 Europa Technologies - Terms of Use
GeographyHistorically, an ar of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North Europn Plain.Loion:Central Europe, st of GermanyGeographic coordinates:52 00 N, 20 00 r:total: 312,679 sq km
land: 304,459 sq km
water: 8,220 sq kmSize comparison: slightly smaller than New Mexico
Land Boundaries:total: 3,047 km
border countries: Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 615 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 420 km, Ukraine 428 kmCoastline:440 kmMaritime claims:territorial s: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: defined by international trtiesClimate:temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowersTerrain:mostly flat plain; mountains along southern borderElevation extremes:lowest point: nr Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
highest point: Rysy 2,499 mNatural resources:coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, ld, salt, amber, arable landLand use:arable land: 40.25%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 58.75% (2005)Irrigated land:1,000 sq km (2003)Natural hazards:floodingCurrent Environment Issues:situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in hvy industry and incrsed environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrse as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to EU , but at substantial cost to business and the governmentInternational Environment Agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Sls, Antarctic Trty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifiion, Endangered Species, Environmental Modifiion, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the S, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitro Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
PeoplePopulation:38,500,696 (July 2008 est.)Age structure:0-14 yrs: 15.2% (male 3,013,109/female 2,849,977)
15-64 yrs: 71.4% (male 13,681,481/female 13,808,412)
65 yrs and over: 13.4% (male 1,964,477/female 3,183,240) (2008 est.)Median age:total: 37.6 yrs
male: 35.8 yrs
female: 39.5 yrs (2008 est.)Population growth rate:-0.045% (2008 est.)Birth rate:10.01 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)Dth rate:9.99 dths/1,000 population (2008 est.)Net migration rate:-0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 yrs: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 yrs: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 yrs and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2008 est.)Infant mortality rate:total: 6.93 dths/1,000 live births
male: 7.66 dths/1,000 live births
female: 6.17 dths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 75.41 yrs
male: 71.42 yrs
female: 79.65 yrs (2008 est.)Total fertility rate:1.27 children born/woman (2008 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:14,000 (2003 est.)HIV/AIDS - dths:100 (2001 est.)Nationality:noun: Pole(s)
adjective: PolishEthnic groups:Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)Religions:Roman holic 89.8% (about 75% practicing), stern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)Languages:Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can rd and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2003 est.)
GovernmentCountry name:conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form: Poland
local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form: PolskaGovernment type:republicCapital:name: Warsaw
geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahd of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in OctoberAdministrative divisions:16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie, Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie, Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Grter Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)Independence:11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)National holiday:Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)Constitution:adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997Legal system:based on a mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final; court decisions can be d to the Europn Court of Justice in Strasbourg; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservationsSuffrage:18 yrs of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state: President Lech KACZYNSKI (since 23 December 2005)
hd of government: Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Waldemar PAWLAK (since 16 November 2007) and Grzegorz SCHETYNA (since 16 November 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-yr term (eligible for a second term); election last held 9 and 23 October 2005 (next to be held in the fall 2010); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm
election results: Lech KACZYNSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Lech KACZYNSKI 54%, Donald Tusk 46%Legislative branch:bicameral legislature consists of an upper house, the Senate or Senat (100 sts; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-yr terms), and a lower house, the Sejm (460 sts; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-yr terms); the designation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly
elections: Senate - last held 21 October 2007 (next to be held by October 2011); Sejm elections last held 21 October 2007 (next to be held by October 2011)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; sts by party - PO 60, PiS 39, independents 1; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 41.5%, PiS 32.1%, LiD 13.2%, PSL 8.9%, other 4.3%; sts by party - PO 209, PiS 166, LiD 53, PSL 31, German minorities 1; note - sts by political grouping as of December 2008 - PO 208, PiS 157, Left 42, PSL 31, SDPL-New Left 5, Polska XXI 5, Democratic Caucus 3, German minorities 1, nonaffiliated 8
note: one st is assigned to ethnic minority parties in the Sejm onlyJudicial branch:Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-yr terms)Political parties and lders:Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Democratic Caucus (political grouping of Democratic Party and independents); Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Grzegorz NAPIERALSKI]; Democratic Party or PD [Brygida KUZNIAK]; German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; Lgue of Polish Families or LPR [Miroslaw ORZECHOWSKI]; Left (political grouping of SLD and independents) [Wojciech OLEJNICZAK]; Polish People's Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Polska XXI (political grouping of former PiS members; not officially registered) [Jaroslaw SELLIN]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; SDPL-New Left (political grouping of SDPL and independents) [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Wojciech FILEMONOWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [Waldemar WITKOWSKI]Political pressure groups and lders:All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ]; Roman holic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK]; Solidarity Trade Union [Janusz SNIADEK]International organization participation:Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CE, CEI, CERN, PC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, I, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINUR, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OE, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, Ziplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Robert KUPIECKI
chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802
FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271
consulate(s) eral: Chicago, Los Angeles, New YorkDiplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Victor ASHE
embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw
mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000
FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688
consulate(s) eral: Krakow
EconomyPoland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and today stands out as a success story among transition economies. In 2008, GDP grew an estimated 5.3%, based on rising private consumption, a jump in corporate investment, and EU funds inflows. GDP per capita is still much below the EU average, but is similar to that of the three Baltic states. Since 2004, EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy. Unemployment is falling rapidly, though at roughly 9.7% in 2008, it remains well above the EU average. In 2008 inflation rched 4.3%, more than the upper limit of the National Bank of Poland's target range, but has been falling due to global economic slowdown. Poland's economic performance could improve further if the country addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its business environment. An inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor , burucratic red tape, and persistent low-level corruption keep the private sector from performing up to its full potential. Rising demands to fund hlth care, eduion, and the state pension system present a challenge to the Polish Government's effort to hold the consolidated public sector budget deficit under 3.0% of GDP, a target which was achieved in 2007-08. The PO/PSL coalition government which came to power in November 2007 plans to further reduce the budget deficit with the aim of eventually adopting the euro by 2012. The new government has also announced its intention to enact business-friendly reforms, reduce public sector spending growth, lower taxes, and accelerate privatization. The government, however, has moved slowly on major reforms. Pension and hlth-care bills passed through the legislature, but the legislature failed to overturn a presidential veto.GDP (purchasing power parity):$684.5 billion (2008 est.)GDP (official exchange rate):$567.4 billion (2008 est.)GDP - rl growth rate:5.3% (2008 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):$17,800 (2008 est.)GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 4%
industry: 31.3%
services: 64.7% (2008 est.)Labor force:16.95 million (2008 est.)Labor force - by occupation:agriculture: 17.4%
industry: 29.2%
services: 53.4% (2005)Unemployment rate:9.7% (2008 est.)Population below poverty line:17% (2003 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 27% (2002)Distribution of family income - Gini index:34.9 (2005)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.3% (2008 est.)Investment (gross fixed):22.7% of GDP (2008 est.)Budget:revenues: $117 billion
expenditures: $127.3 billion (2008 est.)Public debt:41.6% of GDP (2008 est.)Agriculture - products:
Industries:machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textilesIndustrial production growth rate:
Electricity - production:149.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - consumption:126.2 billion kWh (2006 est.)Electricity - exports:13.11 billion kWh (2007)Electricity - imports:7.761 billion kWh (2007 est.)Oil - production:37,670 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - consumption:524,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - exports:57,920 bbl/day (2005)Oil - imports:499,200 bbl/day (2005)Oil - proved reserves:96.38 million bbl (1 January 2008 est.)Natural gas - production:6.025 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - consumption:16.38 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - exports:45 million cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - imports:10.12 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - proved reserves:164.8 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)Current account balance:-$29.51 billion (2008 est.)Exports:$190.5 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)Exports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2003)Exports - partners:Germany 25.9%, Italy 6.6%, France 6.1%, UK 5.9%, Czech Republic 5.5%, Russia 4.6% (2007)Imports:$213.9 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)Imports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9.1% (2003)Imports - partners:Germany 29%, Russia 8.7%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.7%, France 5.1%, China 4.2% (2007)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$84.48 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Debt - external:$227.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:$196.1 billion (2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:$24.59 billion (2008 est.)Market value of publicly traded shares:$207.3 billion (31 December 2007)Currency ():zloty (PLN)Exchange rates:zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 2.3 (2008 est.), 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004) note: zlotych is the plural form of zlotyFiscal yr:calendar yr
CommuniionsTele in use:10.336 million (2007)Cellular in use:41.389 million (2007)Telephone system:eral assessment: modernization of the telecommuniions network has accelerated with market based competition finalized in 2003; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in wireless telephony
domestic: mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; cellular coverage is erally good with some gaps in the st; fixed-line service is growing slowly and still lags in rural ars
international: country - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite rth station - 1 with access to sat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2007)Radio broadcast stations:AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)Television broadcast stations:40 (2006)Internet country :.plInternet hosts:7.808 million (2008)Internet users:16 million (2007)
TransportationAirports:123 (2007)Airports (paved runways):total: 83
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 3 (2007)Airports (unpaved runways):total: 40
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 22 (2007)Heliports:7 (2007)Pipelines:gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2007)Railways:total: 23,072 km
broad gauge: 629 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 22,443 km 1.435-m gauge (20,555 km operational; 11,910 km electrified) (2006)Roadways:total: 423,997 km
paved: 295,356 km (includes 662 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2006)Waterways:3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2007)Merchant marine:total: 15
by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 4, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Cyprus 1, Nigeria 1)
registered in other countries: 98 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 17, Cyprus 18, Liberia 13, Malta 24, Norway 3, Panama 11, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Slovakia 2, Vanuatu 7) (2008)Ports and terminals:Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin
Military
Military branches:Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces (includes Navy (Marynarka Wojenna, MW)), Polish Air Force (Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, SPRP) (2008)Military service age and obligation:17 yrs of age for male compulsory military service after January 1st of the yr of 18th birthday; 17 yrs of age for voluntary military service; conscript service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005; by 2008, plans call for at lst 60% of military personnel to be volunteers; only soldiers who have completed their conscript service are allowed to volunteer for professional service; as of April 2004, women are only allowed to serve as rs and noncommissioned rs (2006)Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 9,741,508
females age 16-49: 9,514,843 (2008 est.)Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 7,937,840
females age 16-49: 7,949,677 (2008 est.)

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