BackgroundFounded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 yrs of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the rly 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic S and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Deft in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repted devastating defts of the Russian army in World War I led to widesprd rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until eral Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently relsed forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favor of a centralized semi-authoritarian state whose legitimacy is buttressed, in part, by carefully managed national elections, former President PUTIN's uine popularity, and the prudent management of Russia's windfall energy wlth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Cauc.
GeographyLargest country in the world in terms of ar but unfavorably loed in relation to major s lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest pk.Loion:Northern Asia (the ar west of the Urals is considered part of Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocn, between Europe and the North Pacific OcnGeographic coordinates:60 00 N, 100 00 r:total: 17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water: 79,400 sq kmSize comparison: approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Land Boundaries:total: 20,241.5 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southst) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Kor 17.5 km, Laia 292 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 kmCoastline:37,653 kmMaritime claims:territorial s: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of ationClimate:ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of Europn Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black S coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coastTerrain:broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regionsElevation extremes:lowest point: Caspian S -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 mNatural resources:wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder ation of natural resourcesLand use:arable land: 7.17%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 92.72% (2005)Irrigated land:46,000 sq km (2003)Natural hazards:permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and rthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of Europn RussiaCurrent Environment Issues:air pollution from hvy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and scoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper appliion of agricultural chemicals; stered ars of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticidesInternational Environment Agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitro Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Sls, Antarctic Trty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modifiion, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the S, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
PeoplePopulation:140,702,096 (July 2008 est.)Age structure:0-14 yrs: 14.6% (male 10,577,858/female 10,033,254)
15-64 yrs: 71.2% (male 48,187,807/female 52,045,102)
65 yrs and over: 14.1% (male 6,162,400/female 13,695,673) (2008 est.)Median age:total: 38.3 yrs
male: 35.1 yrs
female: 41.4 yrs (2008 est.)Population growth rate:-0.474% (2008 est.)Birth rate:11.03 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)Dth rate:16.06 dths/1,000 population (2008 est.)Net migration rate:0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 yrs: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 yrs: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 yrs and over: 0.45 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2008 est.)Infant mortality rate:total: 10.81 dths/1,000 live births
male: 12.34 dths/1,000 live births
female: 9.18 dths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 65.94 yrs
male: 59.19 yrs
female: 73.1 yrs (2008 est.)Total fertility rate:1.4 children born/woman (2008 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:1.1% (2001 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:860,000 (2001 est.)HIV/AIDS - dths:9,000 (2001 est.)Nationality:noun: Russian(s)
adjective: RussianEthnic groups:Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)Religions:Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet ruleLanguages:Russian, many minority languagesLiteracy:definition: age 15 and over can rd and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2% (2002 census)
GovernmentCountry name:conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist RepublicGovernment type:federationCapital:name: Moscow
geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 35 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahd of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note: Russia is divided into 11 time zonesAdministrative divisions:46 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Beorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, er', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Voograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'
republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk (Chita)
federal cities: Moscow (Moskva), Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg)
autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)Independence:24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)National holiday:Russia Day, 12 June (1990)Constitution:adopted 12 December 1993Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 yrs of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state: President Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 7 May 2008)
hd of government: Premier Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 8 May 2008); First Deputy Premiers Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV and Viktor Alekseyevich ZUBKOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Sergey Borisovich IVANOV (since 12 May 2008), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 24 September 2007), Igor Ivanovich SECHIN (since 12 May 2008), Sergey Semenovich SOBYANIN (since 12 May 2008), Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9 March 2004), and Dmitry Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government acies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-yr term (eligible for a second term); election last held 2 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2012); note - no vice president; if the president dies in , cannot exercise his powers because of ill hlth, is impched, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
election results: Dmitriy MEDVEDEV elected president; percent of vote - Dmitry MEDVEDEV 70.2%, nady ZYUGANOV 17.7%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKY 9.4%, Andrey BOGDONOV 1.3%Legislative branch:bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of an upper house, the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (168 sts; as of July 2000, members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in ch of the 84 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; to serve four-yr terms) and a lower house, the State Duma or Gosudarsennaya Duma (450 sts; as of 2007, all members elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at lst 7% of the vote; members elected by popular vote to serve four-yr terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 2 December 2007 (next to be held in December 2011)
election results: State Duma - United Russia 64.3%, CPRF 11.5%, LDPR 8.1%, Just Russia 7.7%, other 8.4%; total sts by party - United Russia 315, CPRF 57, LDPR 40, Just Russia 38Judicial branch:Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Supreme Arbitration Court; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the presidentPolitical parties and lders:Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [nadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Patriots of Russia [nadiy SEMIGIN]; People's Union [Sergey BABURIN]; Right Cause [Leonid Yakovlevich GOZMAN, Boris Yuriyevich TITOV, and Georgiy Georgiyevich BOVT] ( pending; formed from merger of Union of Right Forces, Democratic Party of Russia, and Civic Force); United Russia [Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN]; Yabloko Party [Sergey Sergeyevich MITROKHIN]Political pressure groups and lders:All-Russian Confederation of Labor; Baikal Environmental Wave; Federation of Independent Labor Unions of Russia; Freedom of Choice Interregional Organization of Automobilists; Glasnost Defense Foundation; Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights; Greenpce Russia; Human Rights Watch (Russian chapter); Institute for Collective Action; Memorial (human rights group); Movement Against Illegal Migration; Pamjat (preservation of historical monuments and recording of history); Russian Orthodox Church; Russian-Chechen Friendship Society; SOVA Analytical-Information Center; Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers; World Wildlife Fund (Russian chapter)International organization participation:APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CIS, CSTO, EC, PC, EBRD, G-20, G-8, GCTU, IA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), Ziplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) eral: Houston, New York, San Fran, SttleDiplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador John R. BEYRLE
embassy: Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow
mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090
consulate(s) eral: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg
EconomyRussia ended 2008 with its tenth straight yr of growth, averaging 7% annually since the financial crisis of 1998. Although the Russian Government has laid out plans to diversify the economy, energy and other raw materials still dominate Russian exports. Over the last six yrs, fixed capital investment growth and personal income growth have averaged above 10%, but both grew at slower rates in 2008. During the past decade, poverty has declined stdily and the middle class has continued to expand. Russia has also improved its international financial position, running surpluses since 2000. The government saved these surpluses in two sovereign wlth funds, together valued at over $200 billion: a reserve fund to support budgetary expenditures in case of a fall in the price of oil and a national welfare fund to help fund pensions and infrastructure development. Foreign debt is approximately one-third of GDP. The state component of foreign debt has declined, but commercial debt to foreigners has risen strongly. In 2008, Russia's GDP grew an estimated 6.0%, led by non-tradable services and goods for the domestic market, as opposed to oil or mineral extraction and exports. The economy slowed significantly in the second half of the yr due to the global financial crisis and a steep fall in the price of oil. Oil export rnings had allowed Russia to incrse its foreign reserves, the world's third largest, from $12 billion in 1999 to almost $600 billion in August, but a 70% drop in the price of oil since mid-July and central bank intervention to defend the ruble during the last quarter of the yr, reduced reserves to around $435 billion. Investor concerns over the Russia-Georgia conflict, corporate governance issues, and the global financial crisis caused the Russian stock market to fall by roughly 70%. The global crisis also affected Russia's banking system, which faced liquidity problems against short-term external repayment obligations. In response to these issues, Moscow initiated a larger than $200 billion rescue plan designed to incrse liquidity in the financial sector, to help firms refinance foreign debt, and to support the stock market. The government also unveiled a $20 billion tax cut plan and other fiscal supports for society and industry. In the first yr of his term, President MEDVEDEV outlined a of economic priorities for Russia including improving infrastructure, innovation, investment, and institutions; reducing the state's role in the economy; reforming the tax system and banking sector; developing one of the biggest financial centers in the world, combating corruption, and improving the judiciary. Russia's infrastructure requires large investments and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based economic growth. Corruption and lack of trust in institutions continues to dampen domestic and foreign investor sentiment. The banking system, while incrsing consumer lending and growing at a high rate, is still small relative to the banking sectors of Russia's emerging market peers. Russia has made little progress in building the rule of law, the bedrock of a modern market economy. Moscow continues to seek accession to the WTO and has made some progress but its timeline for entry into the organization continued to slip.GDP (purchasing power parity):$2.225 trillion (2008 est.)GDP (official exchange rate):$17.57 trillion (2008 est.)GDP - rl growth rate:6% (2008 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):$15,800 (2008 est.)GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 4.1%
industry: 41.1%
services: 54.8% (2007 est.)Labor force:75.7 million (2008 est.)Labor force - by occupation:agriculture: 10.2%
industry: 27.4%
services: 62.4% (2007 est.)Unemployment rate:6.2% (2008 est.)Population below poverty line:15.8% (November 2007)Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 30.4% (September 2007)Distribution of family income - Gini index:41.5 (September 2008)Inflation rate (consumer prices):13.9% (2008 est.)Investment (gross fixed):24.7% of GDP (2007 est.)Budget:revenues: $383.5 billion
expenditures: $273.5 billion (2008 est.)Public debt:6.8% of GDP (2008 est.)Agriculture - products:
Industries:complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communiions equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power erating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicraftsIndustrial production growth rate:
Electricity - production:1.016 trillion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - consumption:1.003 trillion kWh (2006 est.)Electricity - exports:18.6 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - imports:6 billion kWh (2007 est.)Oil - production:9.98 million bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - consumption:2.699 million bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - exports:5.17 million bbl/day (2007)Oil - imports:54,000 bbl/day (2005)Oil - proved reserves:79 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.)Natural gas - production:654 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - consumption:481 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - exports:173 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - imports:68.2 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - proved reserves:44.65 trillion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)Current account balance:$97.6 billion (2008 est.)Exports:$476 billion (2008 est.)Exports - commodities:petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufacturesExports - partners:Netherlands 12.2%, Italy 7.8%, Germany 7.5%, Tur 5.2%, Belarus 5%, Ukraine 4.7%, China 4.5% (2007)Imports:$302 billion (2008 est.)Imports - commodities:vehicles, machinery and equipment, plastics, medicines, iron and steel, consumer goods, mt, fruits and nuts, semifinished metal productsImports - partners:Germany 13.3%, China 12.2%, Ukraine 6.7%, Japan 6.4%, US 4.8%, Belarus 4.4%, South Kor 4.4%, Italy 4.3% (2007)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$435.4 billion (12 December 2008)Debt - external:$527.1 billion (June 2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:$491.2 billion (2007)Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:$370.2 billion (2007)Market value of publicly traded shares:$450 billion (15 December 2008 est.)Currency ():Russian ruble (RUB)Exchange rates:Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 24.3 (2008 est.), 25.659 (2007), 27.19 (2006), 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004)Fiscal yr:calendar yr
CommuniionsTele in use:43.9 million (2006)Cellular in use:170 million (2007)Telephone system:eral assessment: the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; there are more than 1,000 companies d to offer communiion services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommuniions infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to 170 million in 2007; a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied, but fixed-line operators continue to grow their services
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many ars; in rural ars, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: country - 7; Russia is connected internationally by unders fiber optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite rth stations provide access to sat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systemsRadio broadcast stations:AM 323, FM 1,500 est., shortwave 62 (2004)Television broadcast stations:7,306 (1998)Internet country :.ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was alloed to the Soviet Union and is being phased outInternet hosts:4.822 million (2008)Internet users:30 million (2007)
TransportationAirports:1,260 (2007)Airports (paved runways):total: 601
over 3,047 m: 51
2,438 to 3,047 m: 197
1,524 to 2,437 m: 129
914 to 1,523 m: 102
under 914 m: 122 (2007)Airports (unpaved runways):total: 659
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 69
914 to 1,523 m: 89
under 914 m: 484 (2007)Heliports:47 (2007)Pipelines:condensate 122 km; gas 158,699 km; oil 72,347 km; refined products 13,658 km (2007)Railways:total: 87,157 km
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)
note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2006)Roadways:total: 933,000 km
paved: 754,984 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 178,016 km
note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)Waterways:102,000 km (including 33,000 km with guaranteed depth)
note: 72,000 km system in Europn Russia links Baltic S, White S, Caspian S, S of Azov, and Black S (2007)Merchant marine:total: 1,074
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 663, carrier 2, chemical tanker 27, combination ore/oil 34, container 11, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 217, refrigerated cargo 59, roll on/roll off 10, specialized tanker 5
foreign-owned: 112 (Beium 4, Cyprus 2, Germany 1, Greece 1, Italy 4, South Kor 1, Laia 2, Norway 2, Switzerland 3, Tur 80, Ukraine 11, US 1)
registered in other countries: 486 (Antigua and Barbuda 4, Bahamas 4, Belize 31, Buaria 1, Cambodia 83, Comoros 12, Cyprus 50, Dominica 3, Georgia 12, Hong Kong 2, Jamaica 3, Liberia 94, Malaysia 2, Malta 58, Marshall Islands 9, Moldova 3, Mongolia 9, Panama 18, Saint Kitts and Nevis 19, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21, Sierra Leone 11, Slovakia 1, Tuvalu 2, Ukraine 1, Vanuatu 2, unknown 31) (2008)Ports and terminals:Azov, Kaliningrad, Kavkaz, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg, Vostochnyy
Military
Military branches:Ground Forces (SV), Navy (VMF), Air Forces (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (VDV), Strategic Rocket Troops (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN), and Space Troops (KV) are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches; Russian Ground Forces include the following combat arms: motorized-rifle troops, tank troops, missile and artillery troops, air defense of ground troops (2008)Military service age and obligation:18-27 yrs of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 yrs of age; service obligation - 1 yr; reserve obligation to age 50; as of July 2008, a draft military strategy called for the draft to continue up to the yr 2030 (2008)Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 36,219,908
females age 16-49: 37,019,853 (2008 est.)Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 21,488,878
females age 16-49: 28,760,976 (2008 est.)
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