BackgroundVenezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by erally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Hugo CHAVEZ, president since 1999, seeks to implement his "21st Century Socialism," which purports to alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking globalization and undermining regional stability. Current concerns include: a wkening of democratic institutions, political polarization, a politicized military, drug-related violence along the Colombian border, incrsing internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indious peoples.
GeographyOn major s and air routes linking North and South America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall.Loion:Northern South America, bordering the Caribbn S and the North Atlantic Ocn, between Colombia and GuyanaGeographic coordinates:8 00 N, 66 00 WAr:total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq kmSize comparison: slightly more than twice the size of California
Land Boundaries:total: 4,993 km
border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 kmCoastline:2,800 kmMaritime claims:territorial s: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 15 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of ationClimate:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlandsTerrain:Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southstElevation extremes:lowest point: Caribbn S 0 m
highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 mNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamondsLand use:arable land: 2.85%
permanent crops: 0.88%
other: 96.27% (2005)Irrigated land:5,750 sq km (2003)Natural hazards:subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughtsCurrent Environment Issues:sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbn coast; thrt to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operationsInternational Environment Agreements:party to: Antarctic Trty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifiion, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements
PeoplePopulation:26,414,816 (July 2008 est.)Age structure:0-14 yrs: 31% (male 4,162,862/female 4,034,044)
15-64 yrs: 63.8% (male 8,299,266/female 8,562,290)
65 yrs and over: 5.1% (male 602,725/female 753,628) (2008 est.)Median age:total: 25.2 yrs
male: 24.6 yrs
female: 25.8 yrs (2008 est.)Population growth rate:1.498% (2008 est.)Birth rate:20.92 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)Dth rate:5.1 dths/1,000 population (2008 est.)Net migration rate:-0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 yrs: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 yrs: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 yrs and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2008 est.)Infant mortality rate:total: 22.02 dths/1,000 live births
male: 25.61 dths/1,000 live births
female: 18.26 dths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 73.45 yrs
male: 70.4 yrs
female: 76.65 yrs (2008 est.)Total fertility rate:2.52 children born/woman (2008 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.7%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:110,000 (1999 est.)HIV/AIDS - dths:4,100 (2003 est.)Nationality:noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: VenezuelanEthnic groups:Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indious peopleReligions:nominally Roman holic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%Languages:Spanish (official), numerous indious dialectsLiteracy:definition: age 15 and over can rd and write
total population: 93%
male: 93.3%
female: 92.7% (2001 census)
GovernmentCountry name:conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
local short form: VenezuelaGovernment type:federal republicCapital:name: Caracas
geographic coordinates: 10 30 N, 66 56 W
time difference: UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahd of Washington, DC during Standard Time)Administrative divisions:23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia
note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islandsIndependence:5 July 1811 (from Spain)National holiday:Independence Day, 5 July (1811)Constitution:30 December 1999Legal system:open, adversarial court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 yrs of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008); note - the president is both the chief of state and hd of government
hd of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-yr term (eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012)
note: in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that incrsed the presidential term to six yrs; an election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of this constitution
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of vote - Hugo CHAVEZ Frias 62.9%, Manuel ROSALES 36.9%Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly or Asambl Nacional (167 sts; members elected by popular vote to serve five-yr terms; three sts reserved for the indious peoples of Venezuela)
elections: last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; sts by party - pro-government 167 (MVR 114, PODEMOS 15, PPT 11, indious 2, other 25), opposition 0; total sts by party as of 1 January 2008 - pro-government 152 (PSUV 114, PPT 11, indious 2, other 25), PODEMOS 15Judicial branch:Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-yr term)Political parties and lders:A New Time or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]; Christian Democrats or COPEI [Cesar PEREZ Vivas]; Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Jeronimo CARRERA]; Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fatherland for All or PPT [Jose ALBORNOZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Hector MUJICA]; United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer]; We Can or PODEMOS [Ismael GARCIA]Political pressure groups and lders:FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or C (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action)International organization participation:Caricom (observer), B, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Angelo Rivero SANTOS
chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214
FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820
consulate(s) eral: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orlns, New York, San Fran, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
note: as of September 2008, the US has expelled the Venezuelan ambassador to the USDiplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires John CAULFIELD
embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1080
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
telephone: [58] (212) 975-6411, 907-8400 (after hours)
FAX: [58] (212) 907-8199
note: as of September 2008, the Venezuelan Government has expelled the US Ambassador to Venezuela
EconomyVenezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90% of export rnings, about 50% of the federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP. A nationwide strike between December 2002 and February 2003 had far-rching economic consequences - rl GDP declined by around 9% in 2002 and 8% in 2003 - but economic output since then has recovered strongly. Fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP by about 9% in 2006, 8% in 2007, and nrly 6% in 2008. This spending, combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has crted a consumption boom but has come at the cost of higher inflation-roughly 20% in 2007 and more than 30% in 2008. Imports also have jumped significantly. Declining oil prices in the latter part of 2008 are expected to undermine the govenment's ability to continue the high rate of spending. President Hugo CHAVEZ in 2008 continued efforts to incrse the government's contol of the economy by nationalizing firms in the cement and steel sectors. In 2007 he nationalized firms in the petroleum, communiions, and electricity sectors. In July 2008, CHAVEZ implemented by decree a of laws that further consolidate and centralize authority over the economy through his plan for "21st Century Socialism."GDP (purchasing power parity):$368.6 billion (2008 est.)GDP (official exchange rate):$331.8 billion (2008 est.)GDP - rl growth rate:5.7% (2008 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):$14,000 (2008 est.)GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 3.6%
industry: 35.3%
services: 61.1% (2008 est.)Labor force:12.49 million (2008 est.)Labor force - by occupation:agriculture: 13%
industry: 23%
services: 64% (1997 est.)Unemployment rate:8.5% (2008 est.)Population below poverty line:37.9% (end 2005 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 35.2% (2003)Distribution of family income - Gini index:48.2 (2003)Inflation rate (consumer prices):31% (2008 est.)Investment (gross fixed):20.5% of GDP (2008 est.)Budget:revenues: $106.2 billion
expenditures: $100.8 billion (2008 est.)Public debt:17.4% of GDP (2008 est.)Agriculture - products:
Industries:petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles; iron ore mining, steel, aluminum; motor vehicle assemblyIndustrial production growth rate:
Electricity - production:110.7 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - consumption:83.84 billion kWh (2006 est.)Electricity - exports:542 million kWh (2006 est.)Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2007 est.)Oil - production:2.667 million bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - consumption:738,300 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - exports:2.203 million bbl/day (2006 est.)Oil - imports:0 bbl/day (2006 est.)Oil - proved reserves:87.04 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.)Natural gas - production:26.5 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - consumption:26.5 billion cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2007 est.)Natural gas - proved reserves:4.708 trillion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)Current account balance:$48.44 billion (2008 est.)Exports:$103.5 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)Exports - commodities:petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufacturesExports - partners:US 42.7%, Netherlands Antilles 8%, China 3.1% (2007)Imports:$53.44 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)Imports - commodities:raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materialsImports - partners:US 26.6%, Colombia 13.5%, Brazil 9.5%, China 6.7%, Mexico 5.2%, Panama 5% (2007)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$36.36 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Debt - external:$47.99 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:$44.31 billion (2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:$15.81 billion (2008 est.)Market value of publicly traded shares:$8.251 billion (2006)Currency ():bolivar (VEB)Exchange rates:bolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 2.147 (2008 est.), 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004) note: On 1 January 2008 Venezuela revalued its currency with 1000 old bolivares equal to 1 new bolivarFiscal yr:calendar yr
Tele in use:5.082 million (2007)Cellular in use:23.82 million (2007)Telephone system:eral assessment: modern and expanding
domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 rth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural ars; substantial incrse in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services; fixed-line teledensity 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity more than 90 per 100 persons
international: country - 58; submarine cable systems provide connectivity to the Caribbn, Central and South America, and US; satellite rth stations - 1 sat (Atlantic Ocn) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network (2007)Radio broadcast stations:AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)Television broadcast stations:66 (plus 45 repters) (1997)Internet country :.veInternet hosts:145,394 (2008)Internet users:5.72 million (2007)
TransportationAirports:390 (2007)Airports (paved runways):total: 128
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 34
914 to 1,523 m: 61
under 914 m: 18 (2007)Airports (unpaved runways):total: 262
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 97
under 914 m: 149 (2007)Heliports:2 (2007)Pipelines:extra hvy crude oil 992 km; gas 5,400 km; oil 7,607 km; refined products 1,650 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2007)Railways:total: 682 km
standard gauge: 682 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)Roadways:total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)Waterways:7,100 km
note: Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by ocngoing vessels (2008)Merchant marine:total: 62
by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 16, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 5, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 2
foreign-owned: 12 (Chile 1, Denmark 1, Greece 3, Mexico 5, Panama 1, Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 12 (Bahamas 1, Panama 10, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2008)Ports and terminals:La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon
Military
Military branches:National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacionale, FAN): Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada; includes Marines, Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerzas Aers or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)Military service age and obligation:18-30 yrs of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 30-month conscript service obligation - all citizens 18-50 yrs old are obligated to register for military service (2008)Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 6,647,124
females age 16-49: 6,801,133 (2008 est.)Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 5,280,974
females age 16-49: 5,768,814 (2008 est.)
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