BackgroundFormerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896 but regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 yrs of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the lder during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nrly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA achieved a second term following a landslide victory in the erally free and fair presidential elections of 2006. In rly 2009, protests due to incrsing restrictions on opposition press and activities resulted in RAVALOMANANA stepping down and the presidency was conferred to the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA. Following negotiations in July and August of 2009, a power-sharing agreement with a 15-month transitional period was established, but has not yet been implemented.
GeographyWorld's fourth-largest island; strategic loion along Mozambique ChannelLoion:Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocn, st of MozambiqueGeographic coordinates:20 00 S, 47 00 r:total: 587,041 sq km land: 581,540 sq km water: 5,501 sq km
Size comparison:slightly less than twice the size of ArizonaLand Boundaries:0 kmCoastline:4,828 kmMaritime claims:territorial s: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobathClimate:tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in southTerrain:narrow coastal plain, high platu and mountains in centerElevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocn 0 m highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 mNatural resources:graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropowerLand use:arable land: 5.03% permanent crops: 1.02% other: 93.95% (2005)Irrigated land:10,860 sq km (2003)Natural hazards:periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestationCurrent Environment Issues:soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertifiion; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the islandInternational Environment Agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifiion, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the S, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements^Back to TopPeoplePopulation:20,653,556 (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 56Age structure:0-14 yrs: 43.5% (male 4,523,033/female 4,460,473) 15-64 yrs: 53.5% (male 5,483,684/female 5,557,098) 65 yrs and over: 3% (male 280,677/female 348,591) (2009 est.)Median age:total: 18 yrs male: 17.8 yrs female: 18.2 yrs (2009 est.)Population growth rate:3% (2009 est.)Birth rate:38.14 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)Dth rate:8.14 dths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)Net migration rate:NA (2009 est.)Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 yrs: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 yrs: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 yrs and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)Infant mortality rate:total: 54.2 dths/1,000 live births male: 59.12 dths/1,000 live births female: 49.13 dths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 62.89 yrs male: 60.93 yrs female: 64.91 yrs (2009 est.)Total fertility rate:5.14 children born/woman (2009 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% (2007 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:14,000 (2007 est.)HIV/AIDS - dths:fewer than 1,000 (2007 est.)Nationality:noun: Malagasy (singular and plural) adjective: MalagasyEthnic groups:Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, ComoranReligions:indious beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%Languages:English (official), French (official), Malagasy (official)Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can rd and write total population: 68.9% male: 75.5% female: 62.5% (2003 est.)^Back to TopGovernmentCountry name:conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar conventional short form: Madagascar local long form: Republique de Madagascar/Repoblikan'i Madagasikara local short form: Madagascar/Madagasikara former: Malagasy RepublicGovernment type:republicCapital:name: Antananarivo geographic coordinates: 18 55 S, 47 31 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahd of Washington, DC during Standard Time)Administrative divisions:6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, ToliaraIndependence:26 June 1960 (from France)National holiday:Independence Day, 26 June (1960)Constitution:passed by referendum 19 August 1992Legal system:based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservationsSuffrage:18 yrs of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state: President Andry RAJOELINA (since 18 March 2009) hd of government: Prime Minister Albert Camille VITAL (since 18 December 2009) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-yr term (eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in October 2010); prime minister appointed by the president election results: percent of vote - Marc RAVALOMANANA 54.8%, Jn LAHINIRIKO 11.7%, Roland RATSIRAKA 10.1%, Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO 9.1%, Norbert RATSIRAHONANA 4.2%, Ny Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO 4.2%, Elia RAVELOMANANTSOA 2.6%, Pety RAKOTONIAINA 1.7%, other 1.6%; note - RAVALOMANANA stepped down on 17 March 2009 note:: on 17 March 2009, democratically elected President Marc RAVALOMANANA stepped down handing the government over to the military, which in turn conferred the presidency on opposition lder and Antananarivo mayor Andry RAJOELINA, who will hd the High Transition Authority; a power-sharing agreement rched in August 2009 established a 15-month transition period, concluding in eral elections in 2010; as of December 2009 the agreement had not been fully implementedLegislative branch:bicameral legislature consists of a Senate or Senat (100 sts; two-thirds of the sts filled by regional assemblies; the remaining one-third of sts appointed by the president; to serve four-yr terms) and a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (127 sts - reduced from 160 sts by an April 2007 national referendum; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-yr terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 23 September 2007 (next to be held in late 2010); note - a power-sharing agreement in the summer of 2009 established a 15-month transition, concluding in eral elections election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; sts by party - TIM 106, LDER/Fanilo 1, independents 20Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour ConstitutionnellePolitical parties and lders:Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO]; Democratic Party for Union in Madagascar or PSDUM [Jn LAHINIRIKO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LDER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]Political pressure groups and lders:Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR; Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKMInternational organization participation:ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Jocelyn Bertin RADIFERA chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525 through 5526 FAX: [1] (202) 265-3034 consulate(s) eral: Los Angeles, New YorkDiplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador R. Niels MARQUARDT embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101 mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56 FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39^Back to TopEconomyHaving discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid-1990s followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization. This strategy placed the country on a slow and stdy growth path from an extremely low level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in recent yrs primarily due to duty-free access to the US. However, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns. Former President RAVALOMANANA worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002 political crisis, which triggered a 12% drop in GDP that yr. The current political crisis which began in rly 2009 has dlt additional blows to the economy. Tourism dropped more than 50% in 2009, compared with the previous yr.GDP (purchasing power parity):GDP (purchasing power parity): $20.51 billion (2009 est.) $20.42 billion (2008 est.) $19.09 billion (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollarsGDP (official exchange rate):GDP (official exchange rate): $8.974 billion (2009 est.)GDP - rl growth rate:0.4% (2009 est.) 7% (2008 est.) 6.2% (2007 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,000 (2009 est.) $1,000 (2008 est.) $1,000 (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollarsGDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 26.6% industry: 15.6% services: 57.8% (2009 est.)Labor force:9.504 million (2007)Labor force - by occupation:Unemployment rate:Population below poverty line:50% (2004 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 41.5% (2005)Distribution of family income - Gini index:47.5 (2001) 38.1 (1999)Inflation rate (consumer prices):Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (2009 est.) 9.2% (2008 est.)Investment (gross fixed):Investment (gross fixed): 40.1% of GDP (2009 est.)Budget:revenues: $1.232 billion expenditures: $1.861 billion (2009 est.)Agriculture - products:coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), bns, bananas, pnuts; livestock productsIndustries:mt processing, sfood, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourismIndustrial production growth rate:5.5% (2009 est.)Electricity - production:1.045 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - consumption:971.4 million kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2008 est.)Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2008 est.)Oil - production:85 bbl/day (2008 est.)Oil - consumption:20,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)Oil - exports:365 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - imports:16,940 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - proved reserves:0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)Natural gas - production:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - consumption:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - proved reserves:0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)Current account balance:$-1.003 billion (2009 est.) $-1.03 billion (2008 est.)Exports:$1.04 billion (2009 est.) $1.254 billion (2008 est.)Exports - commodities:coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, chromite, petroleum productsExports - partners:France 38.9%, US 20.3%, Germany 5% (2008)Imports:$1.836 billion (2009 est.) $2.419 billion (2008 est.)Imports - commodities:capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, foodImports - partners:China 20.1%, Bahrain 8.7%, France 6.3%, South Africa 5.7%, US 4.9%, India 4.4% (2008)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$798 million (31 December 2009 est.) $982.3 million (31 December 2008 est.)Debt - external:$2.054 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $2.023 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:$NAStock of direct foreign investment - abroad:$NAMarket value of publicly traded shares:$NAExchange rates:Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 1,966.97 (2009), 1,654.78 (2008), 1,880 (2007), 2,161.4 (2006), 2,003 (2005)^Back to TopCommuniionsTele in use:164,900 (2008) country comparison to the world: 130Cellular in use:4.835 million (2008)Telephone system:eral assessment: system is above average for the region; Antananarivo's main telephone exchange modernized in the late 1990s, but the rest of the analogue-based telephone system is poorly developed; have added new fixed lines since 2005 domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile telephone density about 25 per 100 persons international: country - 261; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite rth stations - 2 (1 sat - Indian Ocn, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocn region) (2008)Radio broadcast stations:AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001)Television broadcast stations:1 (plus 36 repters) (2001)Internet country :.mgInternet hosts:27,807 (2009)Internet users:316,100 (2008)^Back to TopTransportationAirports:89 (2009) country comparison to the world: 66Airports (paved runways):total: 27 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 17 under 914 m: 1 (2009)Airports (unpaved runways):total: 62 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 21 (2009)Railways:total: 854 km narrow gauge: 854 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)Roadways:total: 65,663 km paved: 7,617 km unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)Waterways:600 km note: 432 km navigable (2008)Merchant marine:total: 8 by type: cargo 4, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2 (2008)Ports and terminals:Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara^Back to TopMilitaryMilitary branches:People's Armed Forces: Intervention Force, Development Force, and Aeronaval Force (navy and air); National darmerieMilitary service age and obligation:18-25 yrs of age for male-only compulsory military service; 18-month conscript service obligation (either military or equivalent civil service); 20-30 yrs of age for National darmerie recruits (35 yrs of age for those with military experience) (2008)Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 4,443,341 females age 16-49: 4,441,124 (2008 est.)Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 3,150,043 females age 16-49: 3,404,988 (2009 est.)
GeographyWorld's fourth-largest island; strategic loion along Mozambique ChannelLoion:Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocn, st of MozambiqueGeographic coordinates:20 00 S, 47 00 r:total: 587,041 sq km land: 581,540 sq km water: 5,501 sq km
Size comparison:slightly less than twice the size of ArizonaLand Boundaries:0 kmCoastline:4,828 kmMaritime claims:territorial s: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobathClimate:tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in southTerrain:narrow coastal plain, high platu and mountains in centerElevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocn 0 m highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 mNatural resources:graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropowerLand use:arable land: 5.03% permanent crops: 1.02% other: 93.95% (2005)Irrigated land:10,860 sq km (2003)Natural hazards:periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestationCurrent Environment Issues:soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertifiion; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the islandInternational Environment Agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifiion, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the S, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
PeoplePopulation:20,653,556 (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 56Age structure:0-14 yrs: 43.5% (male 4,523,033/female 4,460,473) 15-64 yrs: 53.5% (male 5,483,684/female 5,557,098) 65 yrs and over: 3% (male 280,677/female 348,591) (2009 est.)Median age:total: 18 yrs male: 17.8 yrs female: 18.2 yrs (2009 est.)Population growth rate:3% (2009 est.)Birth rate:38.14 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)Dth rate:8.14 dths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)Net migration rate:NA (2009 est.)Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 yrs: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 yrs: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 yrs and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)Infant mortality rate:total: 54.2 dths/1,000 live births male: 59.12 dths/1,000 live births female: 49.13 dths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 62.89 yrs male: 60.93 yrs female: 64.91 yrs (2009 est.)Total fertility rate:5.14 children born/woman (2009 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% (2007 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:14,000 (2007 est.)HIV/AIDS - dths:fewer than 1,000 (2007 est.)Nationality:noun: Malagasy (singular and plural) adjective: MalagasyEthnic groups:Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, ComoranReligions:indious beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%Languages:English (official), French (official), Malagasy (official)Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can rd and write total population: 68.9% male: 75.5% female: 62.5% (2003 est.)
GovernmentCountry name:conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar conventional short form: Madagascar local long form: Republique de Madagascar/Repoblikan'i Madagasikara local short form: Madagascar/Madagasikara former: Malagasy RepublicGovernment type:republicCapital:name: Antananarivo geographic coordinates: 18 55 S, 47 31 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahd of Washington, DC during Standard Time)Administrative divisions:6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, ToliaraIndependence:26 June 1960 (from France)National holiday:Independence Day, 26 June (1960)Constitution:passed by referendum 19 August 1992Legal system:based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservationsSuffrage:18 yrs of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state: President Andry RAJOELINA (since 18 March 2009) hd of government: Prime Minister Albert Camille VITAL (since 18 December 2009) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-yr term (eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in October 2010); prime minister appointed by the president election results: percent of vote - Marc RAVALOMANANA 54.8%, Jn LAHINIRIKO 11.7%, Roland RATSIRAKA 10.1%, Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO 9.1%, Norbert RATSIRAHONANA 4.2%, Ny Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO 4.2%, Elia RAVELOMANANTSOA 2.6%, Pety RAKOTONIAINA 1.7%, other 1.6%; note - RAVALOMANANA stepped down on 17 March 2009 note:: on 17 March 2009, democratically elected President Marc RAVALOMANANA stepped down handing the government over to the military, which in turn conferred the presidency on opposition lder and Antananarivo mayor Andry RAJOELINA, who will hd the High Transition Authority; a power-sharing agreement rched in August 2009 established a 15-month transition period, concluding in eral elections in 2010; as of December 2009 the agreement had not been fully implementedLegislative branch:bicameral legislature consists of a Senate or Senat (100 sts; two-thirds of the sts filled by regional assemblies; the remaining one-third of sts appointed by the president; to serve four-yr terms) and a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (127 sts - reduced from 160 sts by an April 2007 national referendum; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-yr terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 23 September 2007 (next to be held in late 2010); note - a power-sharing agreement in the summer of 2009 established a 15-month transition, concluding in eral elections election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; sts by party - TIM 106, LDER/Fanilo 1, independents 20Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour ConstitutionnellePolitical parties and lders:Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO]; Democratic Party for Union in Madagascar or PSDUM [Jn LAHINIRIKO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LDER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]Political pressure groups and lders:Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR; Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKMInternational organization participation:ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Jocelyn Bertin RADIFERA chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525 through 5526 FAX: [1] (202) 265-3034 consulate(s) eral: Los Angeles, New YorkDiplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador R. Niels MARQUARDT embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101 mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56 FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39
EconomyHaving discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid-1990s followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization. This strategy placed the country on a slow and stdy growth path from an extremely low level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in recent yrs primarily due to duty-free access to the US. However, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns. Former President RAVALOMANANA worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002 political crisis, which triggered a 12% drop in GDP that yr. The current political crisis which began in rly 2009 has dlt additional blows to the economy. Tourism dropped more than 50% in 2009, compared with the previous yr.GDP (purchasing power parity):GDP (purchasing power parity): $20.51 billion (2009 est.) $20.42 billion (2008 est.) $19.09 billion (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollarsGDP (official exchange rate):GDP (official exchange rate): $8.974 billion (2009 est.)GDP - rl growth rate:0.4% (2009 est.) 7% (2008 est.) 6.2% (2007 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,000 (2009 est.) $1,000 (2008 est.) $1,000 (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollarsGDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 26.6% industry: 15.6% services: 57.8% (2009 est.)Labor force:9.504 million (2007)Labor force - by occupation:Unemployment rate:Population below poverty line:50% (2004 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 41.5% (2005)Distribution of family income - Gini index:47.5 (2001) 38.1 (1999)Inflation rate (consumer prices):Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (2009 est.) 9.2% (2008 est.)Investment (gross fixed):Investment (gross fixed): 40.1% of GDP (2009 est.)Budget:revenues: $1.232 billion expenditures: $1.861 billion (2009 est.)Agriculture - products:coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), bns, bananas, pnuts; livestock productsIndustries:mt processing, sfood, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourismIndustrial production growth rate:5.5% (2009 est.)Electricity - production:1.045 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - consumption:971.4 million kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2008 est.)Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2008 est.)Oil - production:85 bbl/day (2008 est.)Oil - consumption:20,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)Oil - exports:365 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - imports:16,940 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - proved reserves:0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)Natural gas - production:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - consumption:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2008 est.)Natural gas - proved reserves:0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)Current account balance:$-1.003 billion (2009 est.) $-1.03 billion (2008 est.)Exports:$1.04 billion (2009 est.) $1.254 billion (2008 est.)Exports - commodities:coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, chromite, petroleum productsExports - partners:France 38.9%, US 20.3%, Germany 5% (2008)Imports:$1.836 billion (2009 est.) $2.419 billion (2008 est.)Imports - commodities:capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, foodImports - partners:China 20.1%, Bahrain 8.7%, France 6.3%, South Africa 5.7%, US 4.9%, India 4.4% (2008)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$798 million (31 December 2009 est.) $982.3 million (31 December 2008 est.)Debt - external:$2.054 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $2.023 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:$NAStock of direct foreign investment - abroad:$NAMarket value of publicly traded shares:$NAExchange rates:Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 1,966.97 (2009), 1,654.78 (2008), 1,880 (2007), 2,161.4 (2006), 2,003 (2005)
CommuniionsTele in use:164,900 (2008) country comparison to the world: 130Cellular in use:4.835 million (2008)Telephone system:eral assessment: system is above average for the region; Antananarivo's main telephone exchange modernized in the late 1990s, but the rest of the analogue-based telephone system is poorly developed; have added new fixed lines since 2005 domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile telephone density about 25 per 100 persons international: country - 261; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite rth stations - 2 (1 sat - Indian Ocn, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocn region) (2008)Radio broadcast stations:AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001)Television broadcast stations:1 (plus 36 repters) (2001)Internet country :.mgInternet hosts:27,807 (2009)Internet users:316,100 (2008)
TransportationAirports:89 (2009) country comparison to the world: 66Airports (paved runways):total: 27 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 17 under 914 m: 1 (2009)Airports (unpaved runways):total: 62 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 21 (2009)Railways:total: 854 km narrow gauge: 854 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)Roadways:total: 65,663 km paved: 7,617 km unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)Waterways:600 km note: 432 km navigable (2008)Merchant marine:total: 8 by type: cargo 4, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2 (2008)Ports and terminals:Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
MilitaryMilitary branches:People's Armed Forces: Intervention Force, Development Force, and Aeronaval Force (navy and air); National darmerieMilitary service age and obligation:18-25 yrs of age for male-only compulsory military service; 18-month conscript service obligation (either military or equivalent civil service); 20-30 yrs of age for National darmerie recruits (35 yrs of age for those with military experience) (2008)Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 4,443,341 females age 16-49: 4,441,124 (2008 est.)Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 3,150,043 females age 16-49: 3,404,988 (2009 est.)
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