MONTENEGRO

MONTENEGROPOPULATION: 672,180


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BackgroundThe use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.

GeographyStrategic loion along the Adriatic coastLoion:Southstern Europe, between the Adriatic S and SerbiaGeographic coordinates:42 30 N, 19 18 r:total: 13,812 sq km land: 13,452 sq km water: 360 sq km

Size comparison:slightly smaller than ConnecticutLand Boundaries:total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 kmCoastline:293.5 kmMaritime claims:territorial s: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by trtyClimate:Mediterrann climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with hvy snowfalls inlandTerrain:highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and platusElevation extremes:lowest point: Adriatic S 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 mNatural resources:bauxite, hydroelectricityLand use:arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%Irrigated land:NANatural hazards:destructive rthquakesCurrent Environment Issues:pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related ars such as KotorInternational Environment Agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifiion, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the S, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements^Back to TopPeoplePopulation:672,180 (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 165Age structure:0-14 yrs: 16% (male 52,645/female 54,846) 15-64 yrs: 70.3% (male 244,949/female 227,794) 65 yrs and over: 13.7% (male 37,217/female 54,729) (2009 est.)Median age:total: 36.7 yrs male: 35.2 yrs female: 38.4 yrs (2009 est.)Population growth rate:-0.851% (2009 est.)Birth rate:11.14 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)Dth rate:8.63 dths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)Net migration rate:Sex ratio:at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 yrs: 0.96 male(s)/female 15-64 yrs: 1.08 male(s)/female 65 yrs and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)Infant mortality rate:Life expectancy at birth:Total fertility rate:HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:HIV/AIDS - dths:Nationality:noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: MontenegrinEthnic groups:Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)Religions:Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, holic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)Languages:Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified 3.7% (2003 census)Literacy:
GovernmentCountry name:conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of MontenegroGovernment type:republicCapital:name: Podgorica geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahd of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in OctoberAdministrative divisions:21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, ZabljakIndependence:3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)National holiday:National Day, 13 July (1878)Constitution:approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)Legal system:based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 yrs of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008) hd of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 29 February 2008) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet elections: president elected by direct vote for five-yr term (eligible for a second term); election last held 6 April 2008 (next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.89%, Andrija MANDIC 19.55%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.64%, Srdan MILIC 11.92%Legislative branch:unicameral Assembly (81 sts; members elected by direct vote for four-yr terms; changed from 74 sts in 2006) elections: last held 29 March 2009 (next to be held in 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for Europn Montenegro 51.94%, SNP 16.83%, NSD 9.22%, PZP 6.03%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 15.98%; sts by party - Coalition for Europn Montenegro 48, SNP 16, NSD 8, PZP 5, Albanian minority parties 4Judicial branch:Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-yr terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)Political parties and lders:Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Coalition for Europn Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], Bosniak Party of BS [Rafet HUSOVIC], and Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); Democratic Lgue-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARDHIJ]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; For a Different Montenegro (bloc) [Goran BATRICEVIC] (includes Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC] and Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]); FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; National Coalition (includes People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC] and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]Political pressure groups and lders:International organization participation:CE, CEI, PC, EBRD, FAO, IA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 consulate(s) eral: New YorkDiplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Roderick W. MOORE embassy: Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [382] 81 225 417 FAX: [382] 81 241 358
EconomyMontenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the Deutchmark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the Europn Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization and signed a Stabilization and Association agreement with the Europn Union in October 2007. On December 15, 2008, Montenegro submitted an EU membership appliion. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are political and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis is likely to have a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the rl estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports.GDP (purchasing power parity):GDP (purchasing power parity): $6.637 billion (2009 est.) $6.914 billion (2008 est.) $6.431 billion (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollarsGDP (official exchange rate):GDP (official exchange rate): $4.444 billion (2009 est.)GDP - rl growth rate:-4% (2009 est.) 7.5% (2008 est.) 9.5% (2007 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):GDP - per capita (PPP): $9,800 (2009 est.) $10,200 (2008 est.) $9,400 (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollarsGDP - composition by sector:agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%Labor force:259,100 (2004)Labor force - by occupation:agriculture: 2% industry: 30% services: 68% (2004 est.)Unemployment rate:14.7% (2007 est.)Population below poverty line:7% (2007 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage share:Distribution of family income - Gini index:30 (2003)Inflation rate (consumer prices):Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (2007 est.)Investment (gross fixed):Investment (gross fixed): 30.5% of GDP (2006 est.)Budget:revenues: NA expenditures: NAPublic debt:38% of GDP (2006)Agriculture - products:tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligibleIndustries:steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourismIndustrial production growth rate:Electricity - production:2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)Electricity - consumption:18.6 million kWh (2005)Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2005)Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2005)Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2008 est.)Oil - consumption:NA bbl/day bbl/day NAOil - exports:314 bbl/day (2005)Oil - imports:6,093 bbl/day (2005)Oil - proved reserves:0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)Natural gas - consumption:NA cu mNatural gas - proved reserves:0 cu mCurrent account balance:$-1.102 billion (2007 est.)Exports:$171.3 million (2003 est.)Exports - commodities:Imports:$601.7 million (2003 est.)Imports - commodities:Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$NADebt - external:$650 million (2006 est.)Market value of publicly traded shares:$NA (31 December 2008) $3.699 billion (31 December 2007) $1.754 billion (31 December 2006)Exchange rates:euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005)
CommuniionsTele in use:362,000 (2008) country comparison to the world: 105Cellular in use:735,000 (2008)Telephone system:eral assessment: modern telecommuniions system with access to Europn satellites domestic: GSM wireless service, available through 3 providers with national coverage, is growing international: country - 382; 2 international switches connect the national systemRadio broadcast stations:31 (station frequency types NA) (2004)Television broadcast stations:13 (2004)Internet country :.meInternet hosts:3,245 (2009)Internet users:294,000 (2008)
TransportationAirports:5 (2009) country comparison to the world: 182Airports (paved runways):total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2009)Airports (unpaved runways):total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2009)Heliports:1 (2007)Railways:total: 250 km standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2007)Roadways:total: 7,368 km paved: 4,742 km unpaved: 2,626 km (2006)Merchant marine:total: 6 by type: cargo 5, passenger/cargo 1 registered in other countries: 3 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2008)Ports and terminals:Bar
MilitaryMontenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forcesMilitary branches:Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army, Navy, Air Force (2009)Military service age and obligation:compulsory national military service abolished August 2006Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 154,029 females age 16-49: 136,847 (2009 est.)